Preserving the Past, Protecting the Future: Conservation Lessons from the Mesozoic Dinosaur Era

The Mesozoic Era, spanning over 180 million years, witnessed the rise and fall of the dinosaurs, showcasing the intricacies of ancient ecosystems. While our knowledge of this bygone era is based on scientific research and paleontological discoveries, it offers valuable lessons that can inform modern conservation efforts. By examining specific examples from the age of dinosaurs and the subsequent events, we can gain scientific insights to shape our approach to preserving biodiversity and addressing contemporary conservation challenges.

Image by Jesus Pereira

Adaptive Radiation and Species Interactions

The age of dinosaurs exemplifies an era of remarkable adaptive radiation, where various species diversified to occupy ecological niches. An iconic example is the coevolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and early flowering plants. The appearance and proliferation of flowering plants likely influenced the evolution of dinosaurs, leading to new feeding strategies and habitat preferences. This underscores the importance of understanding species interactions and coevolutionary dynamics in conservation biology, as preserving ecosystems as a whole is crucial for the long-term survival of species.

Geological Events and Environmental Changes

The Mesozoic Era experienced significant geological events that impacted ecosystems and biodiversity. The breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea resulted in the formation of new landmasses, changing oceanic currents, and altering climatic patterns. For instance, during the Late Cretaceous, rising sea levels caused by tectonic activity led to the fragmentation of landmasses, creating new island habitats and influencing the distribution of species. Recognizing the influence of geological events on ecosystems provides insights into the dynamic nature of our planet and emphasizes the need for adaptive conservation strategies in response to environmental changes.

Mass Extinction Events

The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event, which marked the end of the Mesozoic Era, resulted in the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and numerous other species. The catastrophic impact event, possibly an asteroid or comet collision, caused widespread devastation, including wildfires, global climate disruption, and the release of toxic gases. This event highlights the vulnerability of even the most dominant species and the importance of understanding and mitigating the factors that can lead to mass extinctions. Lessons learned from the K-Pg event emphasize the need for proactive conservation measures to prevent similar ecological catastrophes.

Fossil Record and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction

Paleontological discoveries provide invaluable insights into the ancient ecosystems of the Mesozoic Era. Fossilized remains of dinosaurs, plants, and other organisms allow scientists to reconstruct past environments and understand the interplay between species and their habitats. By analyzing fossil assemblages, scientists can determine the composition and structure of ancient ecosystems, informing our understanding of modern biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics. This knowledge helps us identify key areas for conservation efforts, target endangered species, and develop appropriate management strategies.

Public Engagement and Education

The fascination with dinosaurs and their extinction has captured the public's imagination for generations. Paleontological research and discoveries have inspired and educated people of all ages, fostering a deeper appreciation for Earth's history and the importance of conservation. Public engagement and education initiatives that highlight the significance of paleontological findings can raise awareness about conservation issues, promote responsible environmental stewardship, and encourage support for conservation programs.


Exploring the scientific aspects of the Mesozoic Era offers us valuable lessons in conservation biology. By studying examples of adaptive radiation, geological events, mass extinctions, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and the impact of public engagement, we gain scientific insights to guide modern conservation practices. Understanding the intricate web of species interactions, recognizing the role of geological events, mitigating mass extinction risks, leveraging paleontological data, and engaging the public are crucial components in safeguarding biodiversity and preserving our planet's

The Plight of Great White Sharks in South African Waters: A Tale of Killer Whales and Climate Change

South African waters have long been known as a haven for marine wildlife, with the great white shark holding a special place in the hearts of nature enthusiasts and divers. However, recent developments have left conservationists and researchers deeply concerned. The presence of two killer whales, known as Port and Starboard, along with the looming threat of climate change, has resulted in the dwindling population of great white sharks. This not only has far-reaching ecological consequences but also impacts tourism in the area.

The Reign of Port and Starboard

Port and Starboard, two highly intelligent and formidable killer whales, have gained notoriety for their predation on great white sharks. These apex predators possess an extraordinary ability to target and feed on the livers of these sharks, leaving their carcasses to sink to the ocean floor. This alarming phenomenon has significantly impacted the already vulnerable great white shark population in South African waters. Researchers are still unraveling the reasons behind the killer whales' targeting of great whites, but their presence has disrupted the natural balance and led to a decline in shark numbers.

The Role of Climate Change

Climate change is another factor that is likely influencing the movements of killer whales and subsequently impacting great white sharks. The warming of oceans alters the distribution and abundance of prey species, causing ripple effects throughout the marine food chain. As global temperatures rise, it is hypothesized that the migration patterns of killer whales may be affected. This could result in a shift in their hunting grounds, including areas where great whites reside, exacerbating the pressure on the already struggling shark population.

The Ripple Effect on Tourism and Local Economy

The decline in great white shark numbers has had a profound impact on tourism in South Africa, particularly in regions like Gansbaai and False Bay, which are renowned for their shark cage diving experiences. Tourists flock to these areas with hopes of encountering these majestic creatures in their natural habitat. However, the scarcity of great whites has left many visitors disappointed and local businesses struggling. The decline in tourism revenue not only affects operators and boat charters but also has a cascading effect on the entire local economy.

Ecological Consequences

The absence of great white sharks in South African waters has broader ecological implications. These sharks play a crucial role as top predators, regulating the marine ecosystem by controlling the populations of prey species. With their declining numbers, there may be a cascading effect on the abundance and behavior of other marine species, disrupting the delicate balance of the ecosystem. The loss of great whites could lead to an unchecked increase in certain prey species, impacting the overall health and diversity of the marine environment.

Conservation Efforts and the Way Forward

Addressing the challenges faced by great white sharks in South African waters requires collaborative efforts from scientists, conservation organizations, and policymakers. Research into the behavior and movements of killer whales is vital to understand their impact on great white sharks and develop strategies to mitigate this predation. Additionally, studying the potential effects of climate change on the distribution of killer whales can help predict future shifts in their habitat.

To protect the marine ecosystem, it is crucial to establish marine protected areas that safeguard key habitats and ensure the long-term survival of great white sharks. Community awareness and education initiatives can also play a significant role in promoting sustainable practices and fostering respect for these magnificent creatures.


The declining population of great white sharks in South African waters due to the presence of killer whales and the specter of climate change poses a significant challenge for conservationists and the local economy alike. Efforts must be intensified to address these issues, preserve the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem, and protect these iconic apex predators for future generations. Only through collective action can we secure the future of great white sharks and maintain the allure of South Africa's marine wonders.

21 Inspiring Wildlife Photographers to Follow on Instagram

Will Burrard-Lucas

With close to 200,000 followers, Burrard-Lucas is one of the most followed wildlife photographers on Instagram. He is somewhat of a pioneer in the industry, having invented new gadgets including “BeetleCam” and “BeetleCopter”. His "Camtraptions" have helped him to achieve beautiful wildlife images from very unique angles the latest of which includes incredible nighttime images of a highly-elusive black leopard in Kenya.


David Lloyd

One of my personal favourites, David Lloyd is a New Zealand born photographer that has taken some of the best African animal shots out there. He is particularly skilled at capturing portraits that help the viewer to really connect with the subject and prefers to shoot in black and white. Lloyd’s fine art prints are often on exhibition and can be purchased on his website. For those based in the UK, look out for his photography workshops hosted by the British Wildlife Centre.


Konsta Punkka

Based in Helsinki, Finland, Konsta Punkka has managed to develop a style I am in total awe of. His wonderfully unique depiction of woodland animals including bears, foxes, and deer are truly a joy to behold. Most of his shots are moody and dramatic, with many other photographers aiming to emulate his work, but Punkka’s portfolio remains at the very top. A photographer whose work I'd happily decorate my home with.


Melissa Groo

Best known for her bird photography, Melissa Groo's feed contains perfectly composed shots often comprising soft hues and low contrast. Groo also posts some stunning images of mammals if birds aren't your cup of tea.


LEIGH WOODS

Shameless, perhaps, but when you write an article on wildlife photographers that gets a lot of hits I think it’s okay for a little self-promotion. I draw inspiration from all of the incredible photographers on this list, but those who have influenced my work the most are Shaaz Jung, Konsta Punkka and David Lloyd. Like many of the incredible artists featured in this article, I’m passionate about conservation and use my work to raise funds for non-profits like The Born Free Foundation, whose mission is to keep wildlife in the wild.


Brian Skerry

With over half a million Instagram followers, Brian Skerry is one of the most popular wildlife photographers on social media. A wildlife photojournalist for National Geographic magazine, he is an expert in marine wildlife and underwater environments. From the tropical reefs of the Indian Ocean to the freezing waters below the polar ice, Skerry has dedicated more than 10,000 hours to capturing amazing underwater images from all over the world.


Richard Peters

Awarded "European Wildlife Photographer of the Year 2015", Richard Peter's work is artistically composed with a combination of dramatic lighting and a minimalist feel. Most of his images are animal portraits exhibiting intense emotion and expressions. His unique style enables the viewer to engage with the subject in a way that most other photographers can't achieve.


Lee Fisher

Up there with the best photographers on this list, Lee Fisher has an incredible portfolio of wildlife images comprising some of my personal favourite subjects (Lion, Leopard, and Deer). Each image is a work of art in itself and would grace the walls of just about any home.


Shannon Wild

Shannon Wild is an Australian wildlife photographer and cinematographer based mainly in Africa. She is one of the few photographers that has mastered the art of creating vibrant and colourful photos without going too heavy with contrast or saturation. While most of her images contain African animals, she also has some amazing shots from the Arctic.


Shaaz Jung

Shaaz Jung runs his own safari camps in southern India and spends most of his time in the forest. This lifestyle has afforded him the opportunity to capture some of the best images of big cats that I've ever seen. I am particularly in awe of the beautiful leopard shots in his collection.


Austin Thomas

Another top bird photographer who has attracted many Instagram followers for his photos of walking owls and close-up shots of bobbing pelicans. His feed also contains some magnificent images of birds of prey in flight.


Brian Scott

This photographer has nailed the art of animal portraits and has a very similar style to that of Lee Fisher (particularly his black and white lion shots). All of his images have a very clean and crisp feel to them that makes them very pleasing on the eye. His work on birds draws particular attention.


Beverley Joubert

An award winning photographer and videographer, Beverly Joubert works with her husband Dereck to produce some of the most epic wildlife conservation documentaries including "The Last Lions" and "Eye of the Leopard". Most of her images reveal high contrasts with earthy tones. Her feed has a good mix of artistically composed and candid shots.


Sudhir Shivaram

Sudhir Shivaram is an award winning photographer that specialises in wildlife photography learning tours and workshops. Based in Bangalore, India, his work on tigers and Asian leopards are particularly noteworthy. Shivaram is one of the best photographers to follow for those who wish to develop their knowledge and skills in the art of photography.


Jon Cornforth

A great all-rounder with a portfolio of stunning photographs taken on land, underwater, and in the sky. Jon Cornforth is an award winning wilderness photographer that has built up a beautiful collection of images that he shares on his Instagram account. Personally, I'm a big fan of his humpback whale shots taken off the coast of Hawaii.


Suzi Eszterhas

If you're into cute baby animals then Suzi Esztherhas is the one person on this list you should definitely follow on Instagram. Suzi has published over 100 magazine cover and feature stories worldwide, with her stunning images of animal mothers and their young being very popular with followers.


Brendon Cremer

As a professional photo safari guide, Brendon Cremer has the added advantage that comes with knowledge in animal behaviour. His style is unique, with many of his images containing subjects in unorthodox poses. Some of the photos are very candid and his choice of composition is often out of the box, but that's what makes his work so interesting.  


Kaisa Lappalainen

With one of the classiest portfolios on the list, Kaisa Lappalainen has managed to collect a fantastic set of images that cover a diverse range of species. She has managed to develop a series of striking wildlife photos without using heavy contrasts or vibrant hues. I'm a big fan of her work on bears, puffins, and orca.


Morne Hardenberg

As a huge shark fan, I just had to put Morne Hardenberg on the list. Specialising in both photography and cinematography, his Instagram feed contains some spectacular shots of a wide variety of shark species. The Burrard-Lucas of the sea, he has managed to capture many of his photographs from very unique angles.


Joel Sartore

I'm a particular fan of Joel Sartore because he uses his photography to draw attention toward conservation efforts to save endangered species. His animal portraits are incredibly beautiful and the type that one might stare at for hours. Be sure to follow Sartore if you enjoy close-ups and support conservation.


Paul Nicklen

I've saved the wildlife photographer on this list with the most Instagram follows until last. With a whopping three million people following his feed, it's not hard to understand why he has so many fans given his exquisite portfolio. Hands down one of the best conservation photographers in the world, Nicklen is renowned for his marvellous work on both the north and south poles.


If you liked this article, you can also follow updates on similar articles by following my own wildlife photography Instagram account @woodswildlife